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Sources & Methodology

Speed of light from NIST CODATA exact value. Sound speed from NIST. EM spectrum bands from ITU Radio Regulations.
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NIST CODATA — Speed of Light in Vacuum
Exact defined value c = 299,792,458 m/s (exact by SI definition since 1983), used for all electromagnetic wavelength and frequency calculations in this calculator.
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ITU Radio Regulations — Frequency Band Allocations
International Telecommunication Union frequency allocation table used to identify the radio band and typical application for any calculated electromagnetic wavelength and frequency in this calculator.
Methodology: λ = v/f. f = v/λ. v = λ×f. Speed of light in vacuum c = 299,792,458 m/s (exact). Speed of light in medium: v = c/n (n = refractive index). Sound in air at 20°C = 343 m/s (NIST). Period T = 1/f. Angular frequency ω = 2πf. Wavenumber k = 2π/λ. Half-wave dipole = 150/f(MHz) metres. Quarter-wave monopole = 75/f(MHz) metres.

⏱ Last reviewed: April 2026

How to Calculate Wavelength — Formula, Spectrum & Antenna Sizing

Wavelength is the distance between successive identical points on a wave. Together with frequency it fully describes the wave’s oscillatory behaviour. The fundamental relationship λ = v/f applies to every wave type — from long-wave radio to gamma rays — with only the wave speed differing by medium and wave type.

The Wavelength Formula

λ = v / f     f = v / λ     v = λ × f
λ = wavelength (m)  •  v = wave speed (m/s)  •  f = frequency (Hz)

FM radio 100 MHz: λ = 299792458 / 10⁸ = 2.998 m
WiFi 2.4 GHz: λ = 299792458 / 2.4×10⁹ = 12.49 cm
Sound A4 440 Hz in air: λ = 343 / 440 = 0.780 m
Green light 550 nm: f = 299792458 / 550×10⁻⁹ = 545 THz

Electromagnetic Spectrum Quick Reference

BandFrequencyWavelengthTypical Use
LF / MF (AM radio)300 kHz–3 MHz100 m–1 kmAM broadcast, navigation
HF (short wave)3–30 MHz10–100 mHF radio, amateur bands
VHF (FM / TV)30–300 MHz1–10 mFM radio, TV, aviation
UHF (cellular / TV)300 MHz–3 GHz10 cm–1 mTV, 4G LTE, GPS, Bluetooth
SHF (microwave)3–30 GHz1–10 cmWiFi, radar, satellite
EHF (mmWave)30–300 GHz1–10 mm5G mmWave, imaging
Infrared300 GHz–430 THz700 nm–1 mmHeat, remote controls
Visible light430–790 THz380–700 nmVision, photography
UV / X-ray>790 THz<380 nmSterilisation, medical

Antenna Length from Frequency

FrequencyWavelengthHalf-wave DipoleQuarter-wave Monopole
1 MHz (AM)299.8 m149.9 m75.0 m
100 MHz (FM)3.00 m1.50 m0.75 m
144 MHz (VHF)2.08 m1.04 m52 cm
433 MHz (IoT)69.2 cm34.6 cm17.3 cm
2.4 GHz (WiFi)12.5 cm6.25 cm3.12 cm
5 GHz (WiFi)6.00 cm3.00 cm1.50 cm
28 GHz (5G mmW)10.7 mm5.36 mm2.68 mm
💡 Quick radio rule: Wavelength in metres ≈ 300 / frequency in MHz. For FM radio at 88 MHz: λ ≈ 300/88 = 3.41 m, half-wave dipole ≈ 1.70 m. This approximation uses c ≈ 3×10⁸ m/s. For precision calculations use the exact value c = 299,792,458 m/s above.
Frequently Asked Questions
Wavelength (λ) = wave speed (v) / frequency (f). For EM waves in vacuum: λ = c/f where c = 299,792,458 m/s. For 100 MHz FM radio: λ = 299792458/100000000 = 2.998 m. For 440 Hz sound in air: λ = 343/440 = 0.780 m. Rearranging gives f = v/λ and v = λ×f.
Visible light: 380 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red). Colours: violet 380–450 nm, blue 450–495 nm, green 495–570 nm, yellow 570–590 nm, orange 590–620 nm, red 620–700 nm. Frequencies: 430–790 THz. Green at 550 nm has frequency = 299792458/(550×10⁻⁹) = 545 THz.
Wavelength (m) ≈ 300 / f(MHz), using c ≈ 3×10⁸ m/s. Examples: AM 1 MHz → 300 m. FM 100 MHz → 3 m. WiFi 2.4 GHz → 12.5 cm. 5G 28 GHz → 10.7 mm. For precision use c = 299,792,458 m/s. A half-wave dipole antenna length ≈ 150/f(MHz) metres.
Sound at 440 Hz (A4) in air at 20°C: λ = 343/440 = 0.780 m (78 cm). In water (1480 m/s): 3.36 m. In steel (5100 m/s): 11.6 m. Sound travels faster in denser media, so the same frequency produces a longer wavelength in water or steel than in air.
Wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional at fixed speed: λ = v/f. Doubling frequency halves wavelength. For EM waves: 1 MHz = 300 m, 100 MHz = 3 m, 1 GHz = 30 cm, 10 GHz = 3 cm, 1 THz = 0.3 mm, 100 THz = 3 µm (infrared), 600 THz = 500 nm (green light).
In vacuum: c = 299,792,458 m/s (exact). In glass (n=1.5): 2.0×10⁸ m/s. In water (n=1.33): 2.25×10⁸ m/s. In diamond (n=2.42): 1.24×10⁸ m/s. Frequency stays constant when entering a medium; only wavelength shortens: λ = c/(n×f).
Half-wave dipole (m) = 150/f(MHz). Quarter-wave monopole = 75/f(MHz). For 144 MHz: half-wave = 1.04 m. For 2.4 GHz WiFi: quarter-wave = 3.1 cm. Practical wire antenna = theoretical × 0.95 (velocity factor). These formulas work for wire dipoles in free space; real installations require correction for nearby objects and feedline effects.
From longest to shortest wavelength: radio waves (>1 mm), microwaves (1 mm–1 m), infrared (700 nm–1 mm), visible light (380–700 nm), ultraviolet (10–380 nm), X-rays (0.01–10 nm), gamma rays (<0.01 nm). All travel at c in vacuum. Photon energy E = hf increases with frequency: gamma rays carry millions of times more energy per photon than radio waves.
WiFi 2.4 GHz: 12.5 cm. WiFi 5 GHz: 6.0 cm. WiFi 6E 6 GHz: 5.0 cm. 5G sub-6 (3.5 GHz): 8.6 cm. 5G mmWave 28 GHz: 10.7 mm. 5G mmWave 60 GHz: 5 mm. Shorter wavelengths allow smaller antennas and wider bandwidth, but penetrate walls less effectively. 5G mmWave requires dense small cells every 100–200 m.
Angular wavenumber k = 2π/λ (rad/m). In spectroscopy, wavenumber = 1/λ (cm⁻¹). For 550 nm green light: k = 2π/(550×10⁻⁹) = 1.14×10⁷ rad/m; spectroscopic wavenumber = 18182 cm⁻¹. Wavenumber is used in quantum mechanics, spectroscopy, and optics as a compact representation of wavelength-dependent quantities.
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